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Religion Theories essay assignment
Spinoza, Locke, and Berkeley
-What is pantheism and how does it understand God’s relationship to the world?
-Regarding the different positions on human freedom, know and be able to define the following views: libertarianism, determinism, and metaphysical compatibilism. Which one is closest to your personal view? Why?
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-Which of the above views defines Spinoza’s view? What did he think about our mental decisions?
-How does Locke’s view of the social contract theory differ from Hobbes, especially as it regards the rulers’ relationship to the law/contract?
-What are the two levels of knowledge according to Locke? What can we actually know about the external world?
-According to Berkeley, what is necessary for something’s existence?
Leibniz, Voltaire, and Hume
-Why did Leibniz think the world had to be “imperfect” if God created it?
-Did Voltaire think this was the best of all possible worlds?
-Why did Hume think we are ignorant of cause/effect relationships? Do you agree with his view?
-Did Hume believe in God, souls, or angels? Why?
-What were morals/ethics according to Hume?
Rousseau and Kant
-According to Rousseau, what were humans like in the state of nature? What corrupted human beings?
-What were some of his suggestions for making sure people did not corrupt the political process?
-What contribution did Kant make by introducing the “synthetic a priori” category of knowledge? Why was it important?
-What is the difference between the phenomenal and the noumenal in Kant’s philosophy?
-What is deontological ethics?
-How does one determine a good action according to Kant (the categorical imperative)? What is the difference between a perfect and an imperfect duty?
-What is the right motive for a “good action” according to Kant?
Hegel and Bentham and Mill
-Be able to describe how Hegel thought history progressed through thesis/antithesis/synthesis.
-Be able to define utilitarianism. How does it determine good and evil? Does it assess the action, motive, or the effects of an action to determine its morality?
-What are the strengths and weaknesses of utilitarianism?
-What category did Mill add to Bentham’s happiness calculus?
Kierkegaard and Marx
-In Kierkegaard’s understanding, how do faith and reason relate? What are the three stages of life’s way according to Kierkegaard?
-How does existentialism define “truth”?
-In Marx’s day, which two classes were at war with each other? What did Marx think should happen with private property in order to end capitalism? Did Marx support violent revolution? Why?
-How does pragmatism determine what is true?
Nietzsche, Sartre, Camus
-What is nihilism and how is it related to the question of God’s existence?
-What happens to morality if God doesn’t exist according to both Nietzsche and Sartre?
-How does existentialism attempt to make life meaningful in response to nihilism? Where does meaning come from if God does not exist?
-According to Camus’ Myth of Sisyphus, how should humans respond to the plight of bearing their burden (rolling the rock up the mountain).
Essays:
- Explain Kant’s view of how good and evil are identified (i.e. by the categorical imperative) and understood. Then explain how good and evil are determined by the utilitarians like Bentham and Mill. Finally, identify one strength and weakness of each of the above views.
- Define and identify the differences in the following views of human freedom: libertarianism, metaphysical compatibilism, and determinism. Which of the above views seems most attractive to you and why?
- Outline Marx’s critique of capitalism. What was wrong with the system and what were the two classes that had been created? Then discuss Marx’s proposed solution to this problem. How would financial equality be ensured? Finally, end with your assessment of Marx’s ideas, both of his assessment of capitalism and his proposed solution to the inequity in our world.
