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Positive Reinforcement & Negative Reinforcement essay assignment
In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence applied that will strengthen an organism’s future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus. This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher frequency of behavior (e.g., pulling a lever more frequently), longer duration (e.g., pulling a lever for longer periods of time), greater magnitude (e.g., pulling a lever with greater force), or shorter latency (e.g., pulling a lever more quickly following the antecedent stimulus). There are two types of reinforcement, known as positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement; positive is where by a reward is offered on expression of the wanted behavior and negative is taking away an undesirable element in the persons environment whenever the desired behavior is achieved.
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Rewarding stimuli, which are associated with “wanting” and “liking” (desire and pleasure, respectively) and appetitive behavior, function as positive reinforcers;[1] the converse statement is also true: positive reinforcers provide a desirable stimulus.[1] Reinforcement does not require an individual to consciously perceive an effect elicited by the stimulus.[2] Thus, reinforcement occurs only if there is an observable strengthening in behavior. However, there is also negative reinforcement, which is characterized by taking away an undesirable stimulus. Changing someone’s job might serve as a negative reinforcer to someone whom suffers from back problems, i.e. Changing from a laborer’s job to an office position for instance.
In most cases, the term “reinforcement” refers to an enhancement of behavior, but this term is also sometimes used to denote an enhancement of memory; for example, “post-training reinforcement” refers to the provision of a stimulus (such as food) after a learning session in an attempt to increase the retained breadth, detail, and duration of the individual memories or overall memory just formed.[3] The memory-enhancing stimulus can also be one whose effects are directly rather than only indirectly emotional, as with the phenomenon of “flashbulb memory,” in which an emotionally highly intense stimulus can incentivize memory of a set of a situation’s circumstances well beyond the subset of those circumstances that caused the emotionally significant stimulus, as when people of appropriate age are able to remember where they were and what they were doing when they learned of the assassination of John F. Kennedy or of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.[4]
Reinforcement is an important part of operant or instrumental conditioning.
ORIGINAL PAPER!!!Positive Reinforcement & Negative Reinforcement
Homework #2 – please turn in word document
Come up with real life examples for the following:
Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Punishment
For each example:
1.Describe the situation well
2.Identify the target behavior
3.Is it increasing or decreasing?
4.Explain why it is positive or negative
2 pages, double spaced, times new roman, 600 words
ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS
Discussion Questions (DQ)
Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.
Weekly Participation
Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.
APA Format and Writing Quality
