Microbiology Initial Discussion and Responses

Write a thoughtful 2-3 paragraph posting on your chosen question. (NOTE: a paragraph should have 4-5 sentences!) You will need to reference your sources including your textbook at the end of your posting to avoid plagiarism. Be specific in your reference! For instance, do not put just www.cdc.gov – give me the exact page that you used within the CDC’s website. And if you do use your textbook as a reference, make sure that you have a 2nd reference as well from another source.

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For 6 TOPICS: create an original discussion for that topic, 2 paragraphs each

For 13 Respond To: Respond to the discussion that is already created, 2 paragraphs each

Topic 1: Turning ALL Blood into the “Universal Donor” What do you think of this new major development? Ch.13

Topic 2: Compare and Contrast H7N9 (Avian Flu) to H1N1 influenza Ch.9

Topic 3: Interferons as Therapies Ch. 11

Topic 4: National Vaccination Injury Compensation Program: How would you explain the benefits of immunization in light of potential side effects to someone who is skeptical of vaccines in general? Ch.14

Topic 5: A Universal Flu Vaccine Could One Day Replace Annual Flu. Ch.16

Topic 6: MMR Vaccine Timing: Based on this information about the formulation of these two vaccines, why are they not administered until the child is a year old? Ch.17

Respond to #1: Turning ALL Blood into the “Universal Donor” What do you think of this new major development? Ch.13

According to the Red Cross every two seconds someone in the US needs a blood transfusions and in an emergency situation there may not be enough time to get a patients blood type. To ensure that patients safety the universal donor type O Negative will be given. O negative is the most sought out blood for donors. For this reason. The company ZymeQuest have worked to isolate, purify and concentrate enzymes that can clip the end portion of type A and B to make them look like the O antigen. They are currently conducting clinical trials of its conversion system that can modify the blood. A concern is that the system does not remove the Rh factor so it would not be generating a true universl donor blood type. I do not agree with this method. You would not want to risk giving the wrong blood to the wrong patient and the adverse effect resulting in the patients death. However, if they can figure out how to remove the Rh factor this could lead to a huge milestone in Medicine.

Microbiology: Basic and Clinical Principles. Microbiology: Basic and Clinical Principles, by Lourdes Norman-McKay. Pearson, 2019. pp. 393

Respond to #2: Shining Light on Jaundice Ch.13

According to research , Jaundice is develops in up to 50% normal term babies and 80% preterm babies. Jaundice occurs when a waste product in the blood called bilurubin is increased in the blood system .This occurs when the liver is not able to fully remove them. During pregnancy, the mothers liver acts as the detoxifier for the baby too. After birth , the baby liver is supposed to take on this duty. Some baby’s liver are not fully developed after birth which results in a decrease in its function. Thus bilirubin is not excreted efficiently from the body and this will result in Jaundice. Jaundice is characterized by a yellowing of the skin and eyes of the new baby. The total serum bilirubin test (TSB) can be performed to diagnose Jaundice. Blood incompatibility occurs when the mother is a type O and the baby is a type A , type A or type AB. If there is a mix in blood between the mother either during pregnancy or child birth process will result in the creation of antibodies from the mothers blood which will attack the baby’s red blood cells and causing hemolysis with bilirubin a by product. This will result in jaundice of the baby.

Raymond kene

Source

Mckay, Lourdes Norman. Chapter 13. Microbiology Basic and Clinical Principles, pp. 392-394.

WWW.CDC.GOV. 9 Apr. 2018, www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/jaundice/facts.html. Accessed 6 Mar. 2019.

Respond to #3: Comprehensive Case Ch.8

Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, can be very dangerous if gone untreated. In this case, the patient is Type 1 Diabetic, and therefore his body cannot make or does not make enough insulin. The patient had lost his job and therefore had not been taking his insulin as he had run out, which led him to have a very high blood sugar. If hyperglycemia is failed to be treated then ketoacidosis, or a diabetic coma, can occur. Without insulin, your body breaks down fats for energy since you cannot use glucose. This leads to the production of ketones, and the body cannot handle large amounts, but the body cannot release these ketones fast enough and leads to ketoacidosis. Therefore, this patient did not have his insulin he needed which leaded to him having a high blood sugar. This high blood sugar was left untreated long enough that the body began to use broken down fat for energy, which occurs in ketoacidosis, and leads to the fact that hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis can both occur at the same time.

The patient was going through ketoacidosis, the breakdown of nutrients when there is not enough insulin leading to not enough insulin getting into the patient’s cell. The nutrients broken down are fats as they are very reduced and can provide a lot more ATP than that of proteins when it comes to being broken down for energy.

Macayla Hearrell

Sources:

American Diabetes Association: Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose): http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/blood-glucose-control/hyperglycemia.html

Respond to #4: Question 1: Statins Ch.8

Statins are a group of drugs commonly prescribed to lower an individual’s cholesterol. The goal of lowering an individual’s cholesterol is to simultaneously lower the individual’s risk for a stroke or heart attack. If a patient has borderline high cholesterol, they are often placed on a statin if they have a strong family history of cardiac or vascular disease.

Some common statins prescribed are as follows: atorvastatin (Lipitor), simvastatin (Zocor), and rosuvastatin (Crestor). These drugs work by inhibiting the production of HMG-CoA reductase, which is a liver enzyme vital in the production of cholesterol. Statins “mirror” the enzyme HMG-coA reductase, and they compete for and obtain a spot at the native substrate’s active site. When the HMC-coA reductase enzyme is blocked, it is not able to effectively create mevalonate, which is the next molecule in the chain of cholesterol production.

Cholesterol is mostly produced at night, and statins are taken at bedtime due to their short half-life. Most cholesterol is produced by the liver rather than by dietary choices, so the levels of cholesterol in the body usually lower well when a patient is placed on a statin. Most patients are started on one statin drug but may eventually be prescribed two. More men than women are prescribed statins in the United States.

Kelly Hughes

Sources:

“Microbiology: Basic and Clinical Principles.” Microbiology: Basic and Clinical Principles, by Lourdes Norman-McKay, Pearson, 2019, p. 238, figure 8.10.

Reimold, Sharon, et al. “10 Truths about Statins and High Cholesterol | Heart | UT Southwestern Medical Center.” UTSouthwestern Medical Center, 2 Feb. 2016, utswmed.org/medblog/statins-answers/.

Respond to #5: Emerging Disease Hot Spots: Compare and contrast Ebola Virus and MERS Ch.9

The Ebola Virus is a rare and deadly disease mostly affecting monkeys, gorillas and chimpanzees. It is caused by an infection with a group of viruses in the genus Ebolavirus, It is believed that the virus is from animals, bats being the primary source. It spreads to people with direct contact with bodily fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from Ebola Virus. The virus gets through broken skin or mucous membranes (eyes, mouth, or nose). You can also get it from sexual contact with a person infected. Symptoms include fever, severe headache, muscle pain, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, unexplained bruising and fatigue. Symptoms appear from 2-32 days after contact with the virus. These symptoms are the same symptoms as other illnesses such as influenza and malaria. The treatment of Ebola includes, providing fluids and electrolytes through iv, oxygen, medication to stabilize blood pressure, reduce vomiting, and to manage pain.

MERS ((Middle Eastern Respiratory syndrome) is a virus called coronavirus. It is unknown the cause of cornoavirus. It was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Since then has caused illness in several other countries. All cases have been linked to countries in and near the Arabian Peninsula. Most people infected with MERS have had severe acute respiratory illnesses with symptoms including fever, cough and shortness of breath. People also complained of diarrhea and nausea/vomiting. Many people ended up having complications such as pneumonia and kidney failure. The research available has shown that people with pre-existing conditions may be more likely to become infected with MERS. Some of the pre-existing conditions are Diabetes, Cancer, Chronic Lung and Chronic Kidney disease. The usual time after exposure a person will exhibit symptoms is 2-5 days. However, can take as long as 14 days. There is no specific treatment for MERS. The symptoms are usually treated to help relieve them and the severe cases include support of vital organs.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.a). CDC Ebola Virus. Retrieved 15 February 2019.

https://www.cdc.gov/ebolavirus/index.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.a). CDC Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndromee (MERS). Retrieved 15 February 2019.

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/index.html

Respond to #6: Critical thinking Question #4 Ch.11

Why is applying ice the recommended therapy for acute inflammation? To answer this question, you must first know why inflammation occurs. Per our textbook inflammation is a protective response initiated by tissue injury. Inflammation occurs in three general phases: vascular changes, leukocyte recruitment, and resolution (Norman-Mckay p 346). It is in the first phase that ice would benefit the most. During vascular changes vasodilation occurs. This stimulates blood to enter the affected area. Fluids then exit leaky blood vessels to enter the tissues. Ice causes vasoconstriction which is turn reduces the amount of blood flow and exudate from entering the tissues.

It is important for ice to be applied as soon as possible after any injury. Ice can help make your injury feel better, so many experts recommend using ice for only a short period of time. It may be best to keep the ice on for at least five minutes, and then off for 30 minutes to restore normal blood flow (Inverarity). It is in question whether ice helps or hurts the inflammation process, but it is shown that ice helps to relieve some of the pain of inflammation.

Norman-McKay, L., (2019) Microbiology: Basic and Clinical Principles. [Pearson] Retrieved from:

https://etext.pearson.com

Inverarity, Laura. “Use the R.I.C.E. Method Correctly for Injuries.” Verywell Health,

www.verywellhealth.com/how-long-should-you-ice-an-injury-2696108.

Respond to #7: NSAIDS vs SAIDS Ch.11