Management Of Fusarium Wilt Disease Essay Assignment Paper

Rotations and inter cropping reduces the accumulation of host specific pathogens in the soil and at the same time changes the microbiological niche of the soil.Banana plantations can be rotated with crops like paddy, sugarcane, cassava and cereals (Buddenhagen, 2009).

Beside, Huang et al. (2012) reported that rotation of Chinese leek-banana is efficient in

for controlling Fusarium wilt of banana as it reduced the Fusarium wilt incidence by 88%-97%. The crop rotation practices are less effective for strong soil pathogens like Foc. Effective weed management strategies and removal of asymptomatic alternate hosts from the infected banana fields can prevent and check the spread of the Fusarium wilt disease (Hennessy et al.2005).

Chemical methods showed least effective in controlling Fusarium wilt disease of banana in the field.The fungicides belonging to the benzimidazole group such as benomyl, carbendazim and thiabendazole showed effectiveness in controlling Foc in in vitro and in greenhouse conditions (Nel et al. 2007). Other chemical compounds such as cyproconazole, propiconazole and prochloraz showed Fusarium wilt disease reduction of around 80% in banana plants (Nel, 2004).Management Of Fusarium Wilt Disease

Fusarium showed maximum in rhizosphere soil (83.4) and minimum in rhizoplane (46.3) while while it showed 71.6% occurrence in infected stem and 51.6% in collar region. The pathogenicity of this dominant pathogen confirmed that it is responsible for banana wilting causing similar wilting symptoms. In vitro evaluation, plant leaf extracts showed more or less inhibitory effect on mycelial growth. Extracts of Ranunculus sceleratus showed highest inhibition of mycelial growth (97.3%) against test fungus Fusarium (Kumar,2016).

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Biological control

In the developing countries Banana comes in the category of staple food.So it is consumed and exported widely even to developed countries. The Fusarium wilt worldwide is the devastating disease of the banana. Control strategies like soil fumigation, crop rotation, flood –fallowing and organic amendments tried but the problem could not be resolved effectively except by planting resistant cultivars. Planting of resistant varieties may not be acceptable every where because of consumer preference.Therefore biocontrol by use of antagonistic microbes, which protect and promote plant growth by colonizing and multiplying in the rhizosphere and plant system remains alternative. The biological control of Fusarium wilt disease has become increasingly popular being its eco friendly nature and allowing the popular susceptible banana varieties and search for novel mechanisms of plant protection using other microorganisms( Pushpavathi et al.,2016).

Many control strategies for Fusarium wilt of banana have been tried viz.,soil fumigation, fungicides (Lakshmanan et al., 1987); crop rotation (Su et al., 1986), flood –fallowing (Stover, 1962) organic amendments (Stover, 1987) and plant extracts(Kumar,2016).This disease could not be controlled effectively except by planting of resistant cultivars (Moore et al., 1999). For consumer preference the planting of resistant varieties also cannot be implemented (Viljoen, 2002). Use of antagonistic microbes is a potential alternative and has become increasingly popular (Weller et al., 2002). Biological control of soil borne diseases caused especially by Fusarium oxysporum is now well documented (Thangavelu et al., 2004). There are reports demonstrating successful use of different species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, non pathogenic Fusarium (npFo) of both rhizospheric and endophytic nature against Fusarium wilt under both glass house and field conditions (Rajappan et al., 2002; Getha et al., 2005). Results of the glasshouse evaluations of Nel et al(2006) revealed that two of the nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates, CAV 255 and CAV 241, reduced fusarium wilt incidence by 87•4 and 75•0%, respectively.Management Of Fusarium Wilt Disease

Pushpavathi et al. (2015) reported that sucker treatment before planting with biocontrol agents either Trichoderma viride or Pseudomonas fluorescens and soil drenching with same biocontrol agents twice at 30 and 180 DAP as booster application.This effectively reduced the disease incidence and intensity thereby increasing the yield.

Trichoderma spp.

This fungus is free living and common in soil and root ecosystems. This could interact well in root, soil and foliar environments and release a variety of compounds inducing localized or systemic resistance response in plants. This has long been known as biological agents used in the disease management have ability for increasing root growth, development, crop productivity, resistance to abiotic stresses ,uptake and use of nutrients. This can be efficiently used as spores (especially, conidia)being tolerant to adverse during product formulation and field application in comparision to their mycelia and chlamydospores (Amsellem et al., 1999). The mycelial mass is a key component in production of antagonistic metabolites (Yedidia et al., 2000). The investigations revealed that Trichoderma species can effectively suppress Fusarium wilt pathogens (Thangavelu et al., 2004). Thangavelu (2002) reported that on application of T. harzianum Th-10 formulation @ 10 g/plant containing 4×1031 cfu/g in basal + top dressing on 2, 4 and 6 months after planting showed highest reduction of disease incidence (51.16%).This was followed through Bacillus subtilis or Pseudomonas fluorescens (41.17%) applications as talc based formulation under both glass house and field conditions. The talc based formulation of T. harzianum Th-10 and ‘carbendazim (0.1 per cent) recorded only 40.1% and 18.1% reduction of the disease respectively. In the Fusarium wilt-nematode complex system also, soil application of biocontrol agents significantly reduced the wilt incidence and also the root lesions and root knot index. In addition to this, 50 to 82% of reduction in nematode population viz., Pratylenchus coffeae and Meloidogyne incognita was also observed due to application of bioagents and the maximum reduction was due to T. harzianum treatment (Thangavelu, 2002). Raghuchander et al. (1997) found that T. viride and P. fluorescens to be equally effective in reducing the wilt incidence.While inoculation of potted abaca plants with T.viride and yeast showed 81.76% and 82.52% reduction of wilt disease severity respectively (Bastasa and Baliad, 2005).Management Of Fusarium Wilt Disease

Soil application of T. viride NRCB1, as chaffy grain formulation,significantly reduced the external (up to 78%) and internal symptoms (up to 80%) of Fusarium wilt in tissue cultured as well as sucker derived plants of banana.It also increased the plant growth parameters significantly as compared to the talc powder formulation both under pot culture and field conditions (Thangavelu and Mustaffa, 2010).