Discuss the epidemiology of allergies Essay Assignment Paper
Discuss the epidemiology of allergies
There are several different types of allergies that are relevant when discussing the epidemiology of allergies disease. These include allergic rhinitis, drug allergy and food allergies. Allergic rhinitis affects between 10-30% of the total population. Some degree of sensitization is indicated by the presence of IgE antibodies (immunoglobulin E antibodies produced by the immune system that target immune cells causing chemical release leading to an allergic reaction). Adverse drug reactions are common and are thought to affect up to 1 in 10 of the general population worldwide. To further this, the relative risk is approximately double for hospitalized patients. The incidence of cases of anaphylaxis that result in fatal outcomes may also be linked to drug allergies. The most prevalent food allergen is the peanut, closely followed by milk and shellfish. Common food allergies include: Peanuts, Milk, Shellfish, Eggs, Tree nuts (e.g. walnuts, almonds, pine nuts, brazil nuts, pecans), Soy, Grains with gluten (e.g. wheat, barley, rye, oats), Fish. The severity of these allergies can vary significantly, and some individuals may not experience significant effects with dietary intakes, although a sensitive response is observed in an experimental testing environment.
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What are your treatment options (consider pharmacoeconomic)? Compare first and second-generation antihistamines.
You can treat allergy symptoms with over the counter and prescription medications, as well as allergy shots. Lifestyle changes like using air filters and avoiding triggers are important, too. Different medications can treat allergies, including steroids and allergy shots, but usually the first thing to try is an antihistamine. While the first-generation H1 antihistamines have a central effect and, thus, are also used as sedatives, second-generation H1 antihistamines have less central effects and are used primarily as antiallergenic drugs. Histamine is a biologically active substance that potentiates the inflammatory and immune responses of the body, regulates physiological function in the gut, and acts as a neurotransmitter. Drugs that antagonize these effects by blocking or inhibiting histamine receptors (H receptors) are called antihistamines. Antihistamines are divided into two classes (H1 antihistamines and H2 antihistamines), based on the type of H receptor targeted. H1 antihistamines are mostly used to treat allergic reactions and mast cell-mediated disorders. This subtype is further divided into two generations. While the first-generation H1 antihistamines have a central effect and, thus, are also used as sedatives, second-generation H1 antihistamines have fewer central effects and are used primarily as antiallergenic drugs. H2 antihistamines are indicated primarily for gastric reflux disease because they reduce the production of stomach acid by reversibly blocking the H2 histamine receptors in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. Use of most H1 and H2 antihistamines is contraindicated during pregnancy and childhood. First-generation H1 antihistamines are specifically contraindicated in angle-closure glaucoma and pyloric stenosis.
What education will you provide to the patient?
To reduce your exposure to the things that trigger your allergy signs and symptoms (allergens):
Stay indoors on dry, windy days. The best time to go outside is after a good rain, which helps clear pollen from the air.
Delegate lawn mowing weed pulling and other gardening chores that stir up allergens.
Remove clothes you’ve worn outside and shower to rinse pollen from your skin and hair.
Don’t hang laundry outside – pollen can stick to sheets and towels.Epidemiology of Allergies
Wear a pollen mask if you do outside chores.
Use the air conditioning in your house and car.
If you have forced air heating or air conditioning in your house, use high-efficiency filters and follow regular maintenance schedules.
Keep indoor air dry with a dehumidifier.
Use a portable high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter in your bedroom.
Clean floors often with a vacuum cleaner that has a HEPA filter.
References
Muñoz-Furlong A. Food allergy in schools: concerns for allergists, pediatricians, parents, and school staff. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015; 93(5) (suppl 3):S47-S50.
Decker WW, Campbell RL, Manivannan V, et al. The etiology and incidence of anaphylaxis in Rochester, Minnesota: a report from the Rochester Epidemiology Project. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;122(6):1161-1165.
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