NURS 6521 Week 8 Antimicrobial Agents Essay Assignment Paper

Penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, and the beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations interfere with cell wall growth by binding to and inactivating the penicillin-binding proteins(PBP). Fluoroquinolones are inhibitors of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, which prevents the bacterial DNA from replicating. Macrolides, ketolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, streptogramins, anti-anaerobic agents (clindamycin), Chloramphenicol and oxazolidinones inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosome subunits. Sulfonamides inhibit folic acid synthesis required for bacterial cell growth. Glycopeptides are also cell-wall active but through a different process than those that inactivate PBPs. Daptomycin is the only lipopeptide antibiotic, and its action is different than any other antibiotic. Lipopeptides cause depolarization of bacterial membrane potential which leads to cell death. Metronidazole is categorized as an anti-anaerobic agent; it causes DNA strands to break which results in protein synthesis inhibition. Rifampin is a macrocyclic antibiotic which suppresses RNA synthesis. Nitrofurantoin’s mechanism of action is not well understood. It inhibits bacterial enzymes which also causes impaired cell wall synthesis (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017).

Many of the antibiotics overlap in the infections that they treat. Bacteria are classified as gram-negative or positive, aerobic or anaerobic, and by the resistance, they have developed. Each group of antibiotics treats specific types of bacteria and often target different areas of the body, such as skin or lungs. It is important to get the right type of coverage for the pathogen (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur, & Reinhold, 2017).

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